Ch.+12+resources

chapter 12 Written Language: Written Expression, Spelling, and Handwriting Learning Objectives 1. Describe the connections between writing and the language core. 2. Describe the stages of writing and the purpose for encouraging early writing in young children. 3. Describe the stages of the writing process. 4. Compare the differences between instruction for the written //product// and the writing //process.// 5. Describe how word processing can help students with learning disabilities in writing. 6. Explain why students with learning disabilities often have problems in spelling. 7. Explain //invented spelling// and why it is encouraged in the early grades. 8. Describe three ways to produce writing taught in the schools—manuscript writing, cursive writing, and keyboarding—and how each affects students with learning disabilities. Key Terms AND Definitions Students should take note of the following terms as they appear in this chapter. Students who have difficulty should refer to the glossary in Appendix E of the text or to the text page on which the term is discussed. cursive writing The style of writing, sometimes called script, in which the individual letters are joined in writing a word. Children typically learn cursive writing in third grade. drafting A stage in the writing process in which a preliminary version of the written product is developed. dysgraphia Extremely poor handwriting or the inability to perform the motor movements required for handwriting. The condition is associated with neurological dysfunction. graphic organizers Visual displays that organize and structure ideas and concepts. invented spelling The beginning writer’s attempt to write words. The young writer attends to the sound units and associates letters with them in a systematic, although unconventional, way. keyboarding The process of typing on a computer keyboard. manuscript writing The form of handwriting sometimes called printing. This form of writing, closer to the printed form, is easier to learn than cursive writing because it consists of only circles and straight lines. prewriting The first step of the writing process in which writers evoke and gather ideas for writing. revising A stage of the writing process in which the writer reworks a draft of a written product. sharing with an audience The stage of the writing process in which the final written product is read by others. word-frequency approach to spelling A method of word selection and instruction for spelling. Words are selected for spelling instruction on the basis of how frequently they are used in writing. word patterns approach for spelling Using word families (for example, at, pat, rat) for instruction in spelling. word processing Writing with a computer (as contrasted with writing by hand or on a conventional typewriter). writing process A series of stages writers go through during writing: (1) prewriting, (2) writing or drafting, (3) revising, and (4) sharing with an audience. Major Points 1. Name the stages of the writing process. 2. What are the developmental stages of learning to spell? 3. Name three kinds of writing. 4. List some of the writing expression strategies for the general education classroom. =Suggested Activities= 1. Have groups of children plan for writing with a graphic organizer. Have each group select a topic and make a graphic organizer on the topic. Have each group display and explain the graphic organizer to the entire class. 2. Learn to write the letters of the alphabet in both manuscript writing and cursive writing. 3. Analyze a child’s errors in spelling in terms of (1) the student’s stage of writing and (2) the strategies the child uses for spelling. 4. Learn to use a word-processing program with a computer. Teach a child to write with a word-processing program. 5. Give a child an informal spelling test, using the words in Table 12.4. Stop testing when the student misses three consecutive words. Estimate the student’s spelling grade level. 6. Obtain a sample of a child’s writing from a primary grade. Note any examples of invented spelling.